Value of Planning in the Urban Development Essay - 2

Value of Planning in the Urban Development - Essay Example Traditionally, planning concentrated on improving the physical conditions of the houses and streets with response to prevailing circumstances whereby this contrasted with the new aspects of urban planning. City planning process is highly a complex matter, as it must put into account characteristics together with the long-range welfare of people of that particular urban area or city (Barney, 2006). It follows a systematic process that involves series of studies and surveys, land-use development plan, transportation system plan, budget preparation, not forgetting that it has to receive a unified master plan approval from several agencies or legislative bodies. The history of urban development is a controversial subject in the States. Many planners at the beginning of 19th century used to consider total costs of urban planning as opposed to its benefits and this drew a very different picture. However, as time went by, urban community planning took a turning point with a progressive approach where planners concentrated on maximizing the difference between costs and benefits and did not necessarily consider minimizing costs. This was in response to the fact that minimizing costs and at the same time minimizing benefits was of no value, not to the planners nor the country. The history of America reveals that American cities increased and expanded in the early decades of the 19th century. Due to their expansion, geography born rise to city planning as most of the vital roads by then existed for two centuries earlier. As a result, they winded up in erratic areas in local ways and around topographic areas. Afterward, the presence of equipment for construction permitted straighter roads hence planners persisted in establishing a good framework for developing the urban community transportation network (Weiner, 2008).  

Business research method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business research method - Essay Example se, it is necessary to use the following steps in order to determine whether the bias in recommending for promotion was a change variable or was due to discrimination. The students could work in groups and brainstorm regarding the possibility of discrimination or the absence of it. It is next necessary to work out a two way mathematical table showing the two variables- recommended or not recommended for promotion, and gender- male / females. It is now necessary to consider the three possible outcomes that could arise: From the above, it is well discerned that there is no element of discrimination present. In the event, where there was perceived discrimination against women, the figures for recommendation would not be as figured above. The use of the simulation technique is indeed a robust tool for repeating the exercise several times to determine its probability or the absence of it. In this case however, it is seen that the value of probability of occurrence of discrimination is just 4%. Thus in most cases, the theory of discrimination may not hold water and could be rejected after ruling out the possibilities of Type 1 or Type II errors. Typically, a Type I error is when we could make an error in asserting that discrimination against women does play a part, when actually it has not; and secondly Type II error, when in reality, there being evidence of discrimination against women, but it was not accepted. Navigating through data analysis: Chapter 2: Making decisions with categorical data. (2009). Navigations Series, p.1. Retrieved June 1, 2010, from